The Missing Political Debate Over the Digital Economy
Source: Harvard Business Journal on October 16, 2016 | Bhaskar Chakravorti
This U.S. presidential election season is leading us to rethink a lot of norms. But while it feels like a lot of our political conventional wisdom is getting turned on its head, one thing that hasn’t appeared to move forward is how we talk about the economy. We’re focused on jobs, but we’re skipping a necessary discussion of how the digital economy is shaping those jobs. The content of the campaigns still seems largely rooted in the 20th century while much of our work is rushing to meet the demands of the 21st.
The candidates are talking about cybersecurity (indeed they even agreed on its importance in the first debate) – but even that has been dealt with largely in glancing blows. Hillary Clinton has a tech and innovation agenda. And Donald Trump gave entrepreneur Peter Thiel a prominent speaking position at the Republican convention. But their views on how the digital economy will move the country forward still seem unclear.
This vacuum in the campaigns’ content is just as unnerving as many other concerns that voters have about the candidates. Here are five aspects of our shared digital reality that affect the economy – and deserve more attention in our public discourse:
The Digital Economy as a Growth Opportunity
The world’s five largest companies (by market capitalization) are all American and compete in the digital sphere: Apple, Alphabet, Amazon, Microsoft, and Facebook. As most of us know by now, we have an increasingly internet-powered economy. A 2011 McKinsey studyestimated that the internet accounted for 21% of GDP growth over the previous five years among the developed countries studied, a sharp increase over the 10% contribution over the 15 years prior.
The rise of the so-called “gig economy” has reshaped how we think about business models and jobs, exemplified by the likes of Uber and TaskRabbit. According to a study by Harvard’s Lawrence Katz and Princeton’s Alan Krueger, all net new jobs created in the U.S. since 2005 are due to this phenomenon. More and more workers are contractors or freelancers and are increasingly relying on digital intermediaries to do their work.
What we could be talking about: Strategies for leveraging the intrinsic strengths of the U.S. digital industries. Can we enable greater innovation through public-private partnerships to accelerate growth, enhance productivity, and create jobs?
The Digital Economy as a Jobs Risk
Even as the internet creates jobs, it makes other jobs obsolete. Erik Brynjolfsson, and Andrew McAfee at MIT have been arguing that advances in digital technology and its applications to automation — from improved industrial robotics to automated translation services — explain the slow employment growth of recent years, and the situation will only get worse.
Consider some sobering analysis from McKinsey based on an analysis of over 750 occupations. If you are a bookkeeping accounting or auditing clerk, 86% of your tasks could be automated with current technology - and there are 1.6 million such workers; as a stock clerk and order filler, 85% of your work could be automated now – and there are 1.8 million such workers; as a food preparation and serving worker, including fast food, 74% of your tasks could be automated — and there are 3 million such workers. A different tool can predict any job’s automation risk, based on an Oxford study.
Until now the jobs at risk fell into very specific categories; with artificial intelligence, big data, sensor technologies, driverless cars, advanced robotics and 3D printing, among other offshoots of digital technology, more sophisticated tasks will be next.
What we could be talking about: Strategies for incorporating rising automation into our workplaces and for reskilling workers to meet these new challenges.
The Digital Economy as a Source of Social Inequities
The changes cited above are going to continue to exacerbate inequalities. The value associated with digital industries accrue to the owners of capital and the highest-skilled workers.
Over the past three decades, labor’s share of output has shrunk globally from 64% to 59%, while the share of income going to the top 1% of Americans grew from 9% in the 1970s to 22% recently. Access to the digital infrastructure is now a critical factor in determining access to opportunities for moving up the income ladder, productivity and access to essential services. According to statistics compiled by The White House, in 2015, one in four Americans did not have internet access at home; Hispanic, Black and Native American households trail white households in internet adoption by more than 10%; overall, older, less educated, lower income, and rural households have fewer choices and slower internet connections, setting up a vicious cycle and deepening a “digital divide”.
Even the benefits of the gig economy are not evenly shared; consider the top cities for ridesharing: they are concentrated in the tech-friendly urban areas, generally far from the electoral battleground states of Ohio or Florida. In other words, a laid-off factory worker cannot automatically be expected to make up for lost income by driving for Uber.
What we could be talking about: How digital entrepreneurship is geographically distributed and how to improve the infrastructure of our internet, providing access to digital opportunity more evenly across the U.S.
The Digital Economy’s Role in Country Competitiveness